Robotic surgery

Built on

• Master-slave remote armRecorded · 1949enables
• Fibre-optic endoscopeRecorded · 1957enables
• Industrial robotRecorded · 1961enables
• CCD image sensorRecorded · 1969enables
• MicroprocessorRecorded · 1971requires
• Keyhole gallbladder surgeryRecorded · 1985enables

Led to

• Transatlantic remote surgeryRecorded · 2001enables
• Robot does keyhole surgery aloneRecorded · 2022enables
• Routine long-distance robot surgeryForecast · ~2027enables
• Robot dentists approvedForecast · ~2030enables
• Autonomous surgical robotsForecast · ~2031enables

Sources & evidence

• Additional source

Dataset updated 2026-10-18. This individual record has not been separately re-reviewed.