Cryo-electron microscopy

Built on

• X-ray crystallographyRecorded · 1912enables
• Electron microscopeRecorded · 1931enables
• Stored-program computerRecorded · 1948requires
• MicroprocessorRecorded · 1971requires
• CMOS image sensorRecorded · 1993requires

Led to

• Molecular movies inside cellsForecast · ~2030enables
• Atomic imaging of living cellsForecast · ~2050enables
• Tabletop X-ray lasersForecast · ~2055enables

Sources & evidence

• Additional source

Dataset updated 2026-10-18. This individual record has not been separately re-reviewed.