Biotech & Genetics · Recorded milestone
Portable freeze-dried cell-free biomanufacturing
Recorded year2016
A published experiment rehydrates freeze-dried cell-free machinery to make functional biomolecules on demand outside a living production organism.
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Led to
Sources & evidence
- Portable, On-Demand Biomolecular Manufacturing 2016
Freeze-dried cell-free machinery produced functional biomolecules; clinical release, sterility and manufacturing economics are separate milestones.
- RNA-directed cell-free protein synthesis (original PNAS paper, 1961) 1961
RNA templates directed protein production in cell extracts; this is an experimental milestone, not clinical manufacturing.
Pardee and colleagues; foundational cell-free work by Nirenberg and Matthaei
Record reviewed 2026-10-18